Each year, cervical cancer is responsible for approximately 500,000 new cases and almost 274,000 deaths worldwide, making it the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women. The significant decline in cervical cancer rates over the past 30 years is largely attributed to the PAP smear—a screening tool for cervical cytology.
A PAP test, or Pap smear, is a procedure that screens the cervix for abnormal cells that may lead to cervical cancer. It can detect cellular abnormalities and changes caused by the human Papillomavirus (HPV).
HPV, the human papillomavirus, is a group of viruses affecting skin or mucosal cells, including those in the cervical, vaginal, penile, and anal-genital regions, as well as the oral cavity. HPV is often sexually transmitted and certain strains are linked to cervical cancer.
A Pap smear can be part of an annual exam or conducted during a problem visit. It involves the collection of cells from the cervix using a spatula or brush, which are then analyzed in a lab.
Starting at age 21, women are advised to undergo Pap smears, with the frequency determined by age, medical history, and previous test results. Women aged 30-65 may have less frequent tests depending on their history and health advice.
Abnormal results do not necessarily indicate cancer; they might reflect minor changes or HPV infection. Various management options are available, including additional testing and specialized procedures like colposcopy.
Besides regular screening, the HPV vaccine is a preventive measure against cervical cancer and is approved for women up to age 45.
Pap smears are a vital part of women's health care, with the potential to save lives by detecting cervical cancer early.